Control of mitochondrial morphology by a human mitofusin.
FISSION VS FUSION FREE
elegans Opa1 homologue EAT-3 is essential for resistance to free radicals. Mitochondrial fusion in yeast requires the transmembrane GTPase Fzo1p. Fzo1p is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Reports the identification of the first known mediator of mitochondrial fusion and, at the same time, describes the role of fusion in remodelling of mitochondria during spermatogenesis. Developmentally regulated mitochondrial fusion mediated by a conserved, novel, predicted GTPase.
Mechanisms of membrane fusion: disparate players and common principles. Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in yeast and multicellular eukaryotes. The machines that divide and fuse mitochondria. Functions and dysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondria are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous within cells. Mitochondrial filaments and clusters as intracellular power-transmitting cables. Behavior of mitochondria in the living cell. An electron microscope study of the mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, mitochondrial division is an important step in apoptosis.ĭysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics contribute to several inherited and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial dynamics counteracts cellular ageing by allowing complementation of gene products after fusion of impaired mitochondria, and it constitutes an important part of organellar quality control as it facilitates the elimination of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are required for faithful inheritance and proper intracellular distribution of the organelle. The machineries of mitochondrial fusion and fission are regulated by many cellular pathways, including proteolytic processing, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Only little is known about division of the inner membrane. Mitochondrial fission is mediated by dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) and cofactors that are required for assembly of DRP rings and spirals on the mitochondrial surface. Two evolutionarily conserved large GTPases constitute the core machinery of fusion: mitofusins are found in the outer membrane, and Mgm1 and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) are found in the inner membrane of yeast and mammals, respectively. Developing technology to harness nuclear fusion as a source of energy for heat and electricity generation is the subject of ongoing research, but whether or not it will be a commercially viable technology is not yet clear because of the difficulty in controlling a fusion reaction.Live cell imaging studies showed that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that frequently fuse and divide. Fusion is the source of energy in the sun and stars. Nuclear energy can also be released in nuclear fusion, where atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom.
This reaction is controlled in nuclear power plant reactors to produce a desired amount of heat.
This process is called a nuclear chain reaction. These neutrons continue to collide with other uranium atoms, and the process repeats itself over and over again. More neutrons are also released when a uranium atom splits. During nuclear fission, a neutron collides with a uranium atom and splits it, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation. All nuclear power plants use nuclear fission, and most nuclear power plants use uranium atoms. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart, which releases energy.
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